Structure and function evolution in the superfamily of globins

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology
• Evolutionary Biology

Background:

• Globins are ancient protein superfamilies originating from a common ancestor ~4000 million years ago.
• They are fundamental components of life, found across all three kingdoms (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes).
• Globins possess a conserved alpha-helical structure that encloses a heme group, crucial for their function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of the globin superfamily.
• To discuss the structural diversity and evolutionary origins of globins.
• To explore the wide range of physiological functions performed by globins.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing research on globins.
• Analysis of structural and functional data from various globin families.
• Comparative study across different species and biological contexts.

Main Results:

• Globins display varied quaternary structures, including monomers, tetramers, and polymers, adapted to specific physiological roles.
• Functions extend beyond oxygen transport and storage to include cytoprotection, nitric oxide scavenging, and signaling.
• Evidence suggests diverse ligand and electron transfer capabilities in certain globin types.

Conclusions:

• The globin superfamily is characterized by remarkable structural and functional plasticity.
• Their ancient origins and widespread distribution underscore their fundamental importance in biology.
• Globins continue to reveal novel functions and potential applications in various biological pathways.