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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Microfocus X-ray CT (microCT) Imaging of Actinia equina (Cnidaria), Harmothoe sp. (Annelida), and Xenoturbella japonica (Xenacoelomorpha)
08:09

Microfocus X-ray CT (microCT) Imaging of Actinia equina (Cnidaria), Harmothoe sp. (Annelida), and Xenoturbella japonica (Xenacoelomorpha)

Published on: August 6, 2019

Morphological Variation among 23 Xiphinema americanum Populations.

M R Cho, R T Robbins

    Journal of Nematology
    |March 14, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Morphometric analysis of 23 Xiphinema americanum populations revealed distinct species groups. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) identified three main groups and four outlying species, with some geographical influence on composition.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nematology
    • Taxonomy
    • Zoology

    Background:

    • The Xiphinema americanum species complex is morphologically challenging to differentiate.
    • Accurate identification of plant-parasitic nematodes is crucial for agricultural pest management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To statistically analyze the morphometrics of 23 United States populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato.
    • To identify and differentiate species within the X. americanum complex using morphometric data.

    Main Methods:

    • Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was employed for statistical analysis.
    • Eleven morphometric measurements and body ratios from female specimens were utilized.
    • Specimens were sourced from eight states across the United States.
    Keywords:
    X. bricolensisX. californicumX. citricolumX. intermediumX. tarjanenseX. thorneiXiphinema americanumcanonical discriminant analysismorphologymorphometrics

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    Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

    Microfocus X-ray CT (microCT) Imaging of Actinia equina (Cnidaria), Harmothoe sp. (Annelida), and Xenoturbella japonica (Xenacoelomorpha)
    08:09

    Microfocus X-ray CT (microCT) Imaging of Actinia equina (Cnidaria), Harmothoe sp. (Annelida), and Xenoturbella japonica (Xenacoelomorpha)

    Published on: August 6, 2019

    Main Results:

    • Three distinct species groups were identified: X. americanum-group, X. californicum-group, and X. intermedium-group.
    • Four populations representing different species were consistently separated in CDA scatterplots.
    • Geographical origin showed some correlation with population groupings, with one California population exhibiting intermediate characteristics.

    Conclusions:

    • Morphometric analysis using CDA effectively differentiates species within the X. americanum complex.
    • The study identified X. americanum, X. bricolensis, X. californicum, X. citricolum, X. intermedium, X. tarjanense, X. thornei, and an undescribed species.
    • Morphological variation and geographical distribution play roles in the complex taxonomy of these nematodes.