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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Controversies in type 2 diabetes - An update.

Bu B Yeap1

  • 1School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and Head, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia. byeap@cyliene.uwa.edu.au

Australian Family Physician
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Glitazone therapy for type 2 diabetes carries risks like fractures and heart issues. An initial glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) target of 7% is acceptable, with aggressive lowering potentially increasing mortality risk.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Glitazone therapy for type 2 diabetes is debated due to risks like bone fractures and myocardial infarction.
  • The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study has intensified discussions on optimal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review glitazone therapy context in type 2 diabetes.
  • To analyze risks of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
  • To evaluate arguments for targeting HbA1c at 7%.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of clinical trial data.
  • Risk-benefit assessment of glitazone agents.
  • Examination of HbA1c targets and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone are viable oral therapies for type 2 diabetes with preserved insulin secretion.
  • HbA1c lowering to 6.5% did not decrease macrovascular complications but reduced nephropathy.
  • Aggressive HbA1c reduction (<6%) in high-risk patients may elevate mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized assessment of glitazone benefits and risks is crucial.
  • An initial HbA1c target of 7% is appropriate for type 2 diabetes management.
  • Careful consideration of glycemic targets is necessary to balance efficacy and safety, avoiding potential harm from overly aggressive control.