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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
07:28

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

Upper cervical spine injuries in elderly patients.

M Sami Walid1, Nadezhda V Zaytseva

  • 1Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, USA. mswalid@yahoo.com

Australian Family Physician
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Elderly individuals can suffer upper cervical spine injuries, often without obvious symptoms or fractures. Prompt multiplanar imaging is crucial for diagnosing these injuries, especially with persistent head and neck pain after trauma.

Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Elderly patients are susceptible to upper cervical spine injuries.
  • These injuries may present without neurological deficits or clear fracture evidence on initial imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and clinical presentations of upper cervical spine injuries in the elderly.
  • To evaluate the role of imaging in diagnosing these injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on upper cervical spine injuries in geriatric populations.
  • Analysis of diagnostic imaging modalities for cervical spine trauma.

Main Results:

  • Upper cervical spine injuries in the elderly are frequently linked to hyperextension.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
07:28

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

Published on: July 24, 2012

  • Degenerative changes in the senescent spine contribute to injury susceptibility.
  • Conclusions:

    • Persistent head and neck symptoms post-trauma in the elderly warrant thorough evaluation.
    • Multiplanar imaging of the cervical spine is essential for definitive diagnosis, even after minor incidents.