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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Cytokine mediators of Th17 function.

Rosanne Spolski1, Warren J Leonard

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethsda, MD, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|March 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a CD4(+) T cell lineage crucial for immunity and autoimmunity. This review clarifies the diverse functions and regulation of Th17 cytokines, highlighting their role in immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct CD4(+) T cell lineage.
  • They secrete key immunoregulatory cytokines: IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-21.
  • These cytokines are vital for inflammation, autoimmunity, and defense against extracellular pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Th17 cell functional characteristics.
  • To elucidate the regulation of Th17-associated cytokines.
  • To clarify how Th17 cytokines mediate Th17 cell actions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Th17 cell biology and cytokine function.
  • Analysis of transcription factor RORgammat in Th17 lineage commitment.
  • Discussion of cytokine milieu effects on individual cell cytokine production.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cells are not a homogeneous population despite shared lineage commitment.
  • Individual Th17 cells may not produce all characteristic Th17 cytokines.
  • Cytokine production is influenced by the local microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • RORgammat drives Th17 lineage commitment.
  • Th17 cell heterogeneity impacts cytokine secretion profiles.
  • Understanding Th17 cytokine function and regulation is key to their role in immunity and disease.