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Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

A germanium(II) cation with [1+1] coordination.

Annemarie Schäfer¹, Wolfgang Saak, Detlev Haase

¹Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 14, 2009

Summary

Protonation of germylene breaks molecular symmetry, enabling the synthesis of germyliumylidene. This novel compound is stabilized by an intramolecular interaction with an imido group.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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Published on: December 29, 2016

Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Main Group Chemistry

Background:

Germylenes are divalent silicon species with unique reactivity.
Stabilization of low-coordinate main group species is a significant challenge in chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel germyliumylidene species.
To investigate the stabilizing interactions within the synthesized compound.

Main Methods:

Protonation of a germylene precursor.
Spectroscopic characterization (NMR, IR, UV-Vis).
X-ray crystallography.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of germyliumylidene 2 via protonation of germylene 1.
Demonstration of molecular symmetry breaking as a key synthetic step.
Identification of a stabilizing intramolecular interaction with a distant imido group.

Conclusions:

The protonation of germylene 1 is a viable route to germyliumylidene 2.
Intramolecular interactions play a crucial role in stabilizing reactive main group species.
This work expands the scope of known germyliumylidene compounds and their synthesis.