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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

Molecular basis for cytokinin biosynthesis.

Tomoe Kamada-Nobusada1, Hitoshi Sakakibara

  • 1RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.

Phytochemistry
|March 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Plant hormones called cytokinins (CKs) regulate growth. Key enzymes like IPT, CYP735A, and LOG have been identified, revealing complex CK biosynthesis pathways in plants and bacteria.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytokinins (CKs) are vital phytohormones regulating plant growth and development.
  • Understanding CK metabolism is crucial for controlling plant growth and activity levels.
  • Key enzymes and genes in CK biosynthesis and activation pathways are targets for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the enzymes and genes involved in cytokinin metabolism.
  • To understand the molecular basis of cytokinin biosynthesis, particularly the role of IPT.
  • To explore novel pathways in cytokinin activation and their significance.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic characterization of key enzymes in CK metabolism.
  • Molecular structural analyses of enzymes like IPT.

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Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac
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A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
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A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

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Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac
07:57

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Published on: March 15, 2018

  • Gene identification and analysis for CK biosynthetic and activating enzymes.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (IPT) as a key enzyme in CK biosynthesis.
    • Detailed analysis of IPT from Arabidopsis thaliana and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, revealing its role in trans-zeatin production.
    • Discovery of CYP735A for converting iP-nucleotide to tZ-nucleotide and LOG as a novel CK-activating enzyme.

    Conclusions:

    • Advances in identifying CK metabolic enzymes have significantly advanced our understanding of CK biosynthesis.
    • The molecular basis of IPT function and its role in plant-microbe interactions are better understood.
    • The discovery of LOG highlights novel pathways in CK activation, revealing the intricate metabolic network of cytokinins.