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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
08:06

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement

Published on: January 19, 2017

Human mutation rate associated with DNA replication timing.

John A Stamatoyannopoulos1, Ivan Adzhubei, Robert E Thurman

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. jstam@u.washington.edu

Nature Genetics
|March 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Later replicating DNA regions in the human genome show higher mutation rates. This suggests replication timing influences DNA damage and has evolutionary consequences.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
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Published on: November 28, 2019

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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic DNA replication is organized, with distinct genomic regions replicating at specific times during the S phase.
  • Understanding the factors influencing DNA mutation rates is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between DNA replication timing and mutation rates in the human genome.
  • To explore the potential mechanisms linking replication timing to increased mutation occurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human nucleotide diversity data.
  • Examination of recent evolutionary divergence across the genome.
  • Correlation of mutation rates with replication timing data for genomic regions.

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was observed between replication timing and mutation rate.
  • Later-replicating genomic regions exhibit markedly higher mutation rates.
  • All types of DNA substitutions are affected, indicating a widespread mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Replication timing is a key factor influencing genome-wide mutation rates.
  • A generalized mechanism involving replication time-dependent DNA damage likely underlies the observed correlation.
  • The interplay between replication timing and mutation has significant implications for genome evolution.