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Primary Healthcare Services

Primary Healthcare Services

Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results from...

Dimensions of Health and Illness

Dimensions of Health and Illness

The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...

Concepts of Health and Illness

Concepts of Health and Illness

Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Published on: December 13, 2024

Gender mainstreaming in health: looking back, looking forward.

T K S Ravindran¹, A Kelkar-Khambete

¹Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India. ravindrans@usa.net

Global Public Health

|March 17, 2009

Summary

Gender mainstreaming in health remains superficial, with a significant gap between policy intentions and practical implementation. Addressing this requires integrating gender with social justice and equity, moving beyond top-down approaches.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Published on: December 13, 2024

Area of Science:

Public Health
Gender Studies
Health Policy

Background:

Gender mainstreaming in the health sector since the 1990s has seen limited practical application despite extensive literature.
A notable disparity exists between the stated goals of gender mainstreaming and its actual integration into health policies and programs.
Key areas like gender-specific health research and provider training have been largely overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and analyze the experiences and challenges of mainstreaming gender in the health sector.
To identify factors contributing to the gap between gender mainstreaming intentions and practices.
To propose strategies for more effective gender mainstreaming in health.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of published literature on gender mainstreaming in health.
Analysis of national health policies and program documents.
Examination of institutional approaches to gender mainstreaming.

Main Results:

National health policies rarely integrate gender comprehensively into objectives and activities.
Gender-disaggregated health research and training for health providers receive inadequate attention.
Institutional gender mainstreaming efforts are often superficial, prioritizing form over substance.

Conclusions:

Lack of progress is linked to depoliticization, top-down strategies, and a hostile policy environment.
Effective gender mainstreaming requires framing concerns within equity, rights, and justice.
Future approaches must address intersecting inequities (caste, class, ethnicity) and align with social justice movements.