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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Calcium Channel Blockers01:18

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...

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Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins
07:51

Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins

Published on: January 23, 2012

Antipsychotics affect multiple calcium calmodulin dependent proteins.

W J Rushlow1, C Seah, L P Sutton

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre-University Campus, London, Ontario, Canada. wrushlow@uwo.ca

Neuroscience
|March 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antipsychotic drugs alter calmodulin (CaM) signaling pathways in the brain, affecting proteins like calcineurin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK). This suggests a broader impact beyond calcineurin in schizophrenia treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Calcineurin, a calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, is implicated in schizophrenia and antipsychotic treatment.
  • Evidence suggests antipsychotics and schizophrenia may affect the broader calmodulin (CaM) signaling axis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of psychoactive drugs on CaM, calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK), and calcineurin.
  • To determine if antipsychotics specifically target CaM signaling proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Western blotting
  • In situ hybridization
  • Immunocytochemistry
  • Treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats with haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, raclopride, amphetamine, lithium, valproic acid, and fluoxetine.

Main Results:

  • Repeated antipsychotic treatment increased CaM and CaMII mRNA but decreased CaMKIV, CaMKKalpha, CaMKKbeta, and calcineurin protein levels in rat striatum.
  • These decreases were transient, with protein levels reversing 24 hours post-treatment.
  • Raclopride mimicked antipsychotic effects, while amphetamine increased these proteins.
  • Mood stabilizers and fluoxetine had minimal effects, except for lithium increasing CaMKKbeta.

Conclusions:

  • Antipsychotics specifically target multiple proteins within the CaM signaling pathway.
  • The findings suggest a more complex interaction between antipsychotics, schizophrenia, and CaM signaling than previously understood.