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Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:

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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

Where does acid hydrolysis take place?

Diego Ardura1, D J Donaldson

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3H6.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|March 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acid molecules like HCl and HNO(3) dissociate at the air-water interface only with the help of a critical cluster of water molecules. This finding explains near-surface acid dissociation at dynamic interfaces.

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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Published on: April 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Acid dissociation is spontaneous in bulk water.
  • Understanding surface chemistry is crucial for environmental and industrial processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of acid dissociation at the air-water interface.
  • To determine the conditions required for acid dissociation at the interface.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of acid and water molecules.
  • Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) geometry optimization.
  • B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory for QM calculations.

Main Results:

  • Acid dissociation at the air-water interface requires a critical cluster of approximately two water molecules.
  • Interface-confined acids do not dissociate spontaneously, unlike in the bulk.
  • The formation of a critical cluster facilitates ion formation at the interface.

Conclusions:

  • Acid dissociation can occur in the near-surface region of a dynamic air-water interface.
  • The findings align with previous experimental observations on surface acid behavior.
  • Computational modeling provides insights into interfacial chemical reactions.