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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
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SAS weekly rounds: avascular necrosis.

Thomas W Hamilton1, Susan M Goodman, Mark Figgie

  • 1Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal, Science University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington Oxford, OX3 9DU.

HSS Journal : the Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery
|March 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head impacts thousands annually, often requiring hip replacement. Current treatments delay, but do not halt, this condition

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Vascular Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) affects over 10,000 people yearly in the USA.
  • It is a leading cause of total hip arthroplasty, particularly in developed nations.
  • Peak incidence occurs in the fourth decade, with a male predominance.

Observation:

  • Etiologies include trauma, corticosteroid therapy, and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • ONFH results from compromised blood supply to the femoral head.
  • This leads to femoral head collapse, acetabular involvement, and secondary osteoarthritis.

Findings:

  • Conservative treatments aim to promote revascularization and new bone formation.
  • These methods can delay disease progression but do not provide a cure.
  • Surgical interventions are frequently necessary for advanced stages.

Implications:

  • Understanding ONFH pathophysiology is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Further research into regenerative strategies may offer improved outcomes.
  • Minimizing risk factors like corticosteroid use and alcohol abuse is important for prevention.