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General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits. Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

Master Transcription Regulators

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: December 3, 2015

The class I bHLH factors E2-2A and E2-2B regulate EMT.

Verónica R Sobrado¹, Gema Moreno-Bueno, Eva Cubillo

¹Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Cell Science

|March 20, 2009

Summary

The class I basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor E2-2 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by indirectly repressing E-cadherin. E2-2 induces EMT without increasing tumorigenicity, suggesting a distinct role in cell migration.

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Published on: February 21, 2018

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Cancer Research

Background:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for embryonic development and tumor invasion.
Loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is a hallmark of EMT.
Transcriptional repression is the primary mechanism for E-cadherin downregulation in carcinomas.

Purpose of the Study:

Identify novel regulators of EMT.
Investigate the role of class I bHLH factors in EMT.
Characterize the mechanism of E-cadherin repression by E2-2.

Main Methods:

Overexpression of E2-2 isoforms (E2-2A, E2-2B) in MDCK cells.
Analysis of EMT induction and tumorigenic properties.
E-cadherin promoter analysis to determine repression mechanism.
Knockdown studies to assess E2-2's role in Snail1/E47-driven EMT.
Comparative gene-profiling.

Main Results:

E2-2 isoforms induce full EMT in MDCK cells without affecting tumorigenicity.
E2-2-mediated E-cadherin repression is indirect and promoter-independent.
E2-2 is not required for maintaining Snail1 or E47-induced EMT.
E2-2 induces a genetic program distinct from E47.

Conclusions:

E2-2 is a novel EMT regulator with a distinct mechanism.
E2-2 plays a unique role in physiological and pathological EMT.
Potential interplay between E-cadherin repressors warrants further investigation.