Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Short-term recovery pattern of plasma fibrinogen after cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study.

PloS one·2018
Same author

One-sided Overview of the Problem.

Deutsches Arzteblatt international·2016
Same author

[We must treat them!].

MMW Fortschritte der Medizin·2016
Same author

Perioperative management of patients receiving new oral anticoagulants: an international survey.

Clinics in laboratory medicine·2014
Same author

A novel blood-sparing agent in cardiac surgery? First in-patient experience with the synthetic serine protease inhibitor MDCO-2010: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2014
Same author

Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
07:38

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Published on: May 6, 2018

Aprotinin: 1 year on.

Wulf Dietrich1

  • 1Departments of Anesthesiology and Transfusion Medicine, Institute for Research in Cardiac Anesthesia and Working Group of Perioperative Hemostasis, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. wulf.dietrich@t-online.de

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|March 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aprotinin, a protease inhibitor used in cardiac surgery, was withdrawn due to safety concerns. The drug

More Related Videos

Scaled-Up Preparation of an Intermediate of Upatinib, ACT051-3
08:36

Scaled-Up Preparation of an Intermediate of Upatinib, ACT051-3

Published on: April 7, 2023

Single-Step Enrichment of a TAP-Tagged Histone Deacetylase of the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans for Enzymatic Activity Assay
09:07

Single-Step Enrichment of a TAP-Tagged Histone Deacetylase of the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans for Enzymatic Activity Assay

Published on: May 1, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
07:38

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Published on: May 6, 2018

Scaled-Up Preparation of an Intermediate of Upatinib, ACT051-3
08:36

Scaled-Up Preparation of an Intermediate of Upatinib, ACT051-3

Published on: April 7, 2023

Single-Step Enrichment of a TAP-Tagged Histone Deacetylase of the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans for Enzymatic Activity Assay
09:07

Single-Step Enrichment of a TAP-Tagged Histone Deacetylase of the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans for Enzymatic Activity Assay

Published on: May 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Safety

Background:

  • Aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, was widely used to reduce bleeding during cardiac surgery.
  • Recent studies raised concerns regarding the safety profile of aprotinin.
  • A large prospective study indicated a trend toward increased mortality associated with aprotinin use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safety and efficacy of aprotinin in cardiac surgery.
  • To summarize the diverging results from investigations into aprotinin's safety.
  • To discuss the implications of aprotinin's withdrawal on drug safety monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of retrospective studies analyzing aprotinin's safety.
  • Analysis of large-scale investigations prompted by initial safety concerns.
  • Examination of sophisticated statistical methods used to address selection bias.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting results emerged from numerous studies investigating aprotinin's safety.
  • Aprotinin was increasingly used in high-risk bleeding patients, complicating comparisons.
  • A trend toward higher mortality was observed in a large prospective study.

Conclusions:

  • The withdrawal of aprotinin highlights limitations in post-regulatory drug safety surveillance.
  • There is an urgent need for independent clinical safety studies after drug approval.
  • The case of aprotinin underscores the importance of continuous monitoring for drug efficacy and safety.