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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

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Neuroanesthesiology update.

Jeffrey J Pasternak¹, William L Lanier

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Pasternak.jeffrey@mayo.edu

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology

|March 20, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes key 2008 findings in neurosurgical and neurological patient perioperative care. It covers critical topics including brain injury, neuropharmacology, and spine surgery advancements.

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Neurology
Perioperative Medicine

Background:

The 2008 medical literature presented significant advancements relevant to neurosurgical and neurologically impaired patients.
Physicians require concise summaries of evolving research for optimal perioperative management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize key findings from the 2008 literature concerning perioperative care in neurosurgery and neurology.
To highlight novel and common themes in neurosurgical and neurological patient management.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature review of articles published in 2008.
Thematic analysis of research focusing on specific neurological conditions and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

Key findings were identified across intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and neuropharmacology.
Novel reports on neuroprotection strategies and spine surgery techniques were summarized.
Advances in the treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease were also addressed.

Conclusions:

The 2008 literature provided valuable insights for improving perioperative care in neurosurgical and neurological patients.
Continued review of emerging research is essential for evidence-based clinical practice in these fields.