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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
Published on: September 17, 2019
Heritability of high reading ability and its interaction with parental education
Angela Friend1, John C DeFries, Richard K Olson
1Department of Psychology, University of Colorado At Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. angela.friend@colorado.edu
Abstract:
Moderation of the level of genetic influence on children's high reading ability by environmental influences associated with parental education was explored in two independent samples of identical and fraternal twins from the United States and Great Britain. For both samples, the heritability of high reading performance increased significantly with lower levels of parental education. Thus, resilience (high reading ability despite lower environmental support) is more strongly influenced by genotype than is high reading ability with higher environmental support. This result provides a coherent account when considered alongside results of previous research showing that heritability for low reading ability decreased with lower levels of parental education.
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