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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Pediatric urinary stone disease--does age matter?

Carmin M Kalorin1, Andrew Zabinski, Ikenna Okpareke

  • 1Department of Urology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA.

The Journal of Urology
|March 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Younger children with kidney stones are more likely to have renal stones, while older children tend to have ureteral stones. Both age groups show similar stone passage rates and recurrence risks, challenging previous assumptions.

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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Published on: June 21, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Pediatric Stone Disease

Background:

  • Urinary calculi in children can lead to recurrence and complications.
  • Previous studies suggested younger children (<10 years) have lower spontaneous stone passage rates and higher recurrence risks due to metabolic abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with urinary calculi.
  • To specifically examine age-related differences in stone passage, recurrence, and metabolic abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of pediatric patients (2000-2007) with renal or ureteral calculi.
  • Patients divided into two groups: ≤10 years (39 patients) and >10 years (41 patients).
  • Analysis of stone location, size, passage success, intervention rates, recurrence, and 24-hour urine metabolic studies.

Main Results:

  • Younger children more frequently presented with renal stones (57%) compared to older children (31%) (p=0.02).
  • Overall stone passage rates were similar: 34% in younger vs. 29% in older children (p=0.65).
  • Stone recurrence rates were comparable between age groups (7 younger vs. 6 older patients).

Conclusions:

  • Age does not significantly impact spontaneous stone passage rates in children.
  • Younger children are more prone to renal calculi, while older children present with ureteral calculi.
  • Metabolic abnormalities and stone recurrence rates are similar across pediatric age groups studied.