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Synesthesia is a remarkable condition where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. People with synesthesia experience a blending or crossing of their senses, such as sight and sound, leading to cross-modal sensations. In this condition, the stimulation of one sense, such as hearing a number or musical note, triggers an experience of another sense, like sensing a specific color, taste, or smell. People...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

When 9 is not on the right: implications from number-form synesthesia.

Limor Gertner¹, Avishai Henik, Roi Cohen Kadosh

¹Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. limorger@bgu.ac.il

Consciousness and Cognition

|March 20, 2009

Summary

Number-form synesthesia involves experiencing numbers in specific locations. This study found synesthetes

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

Number-form synesthesia is a condition where individuals consciously perceive numbers in spatial locations.
Non-synesthetes exhibit an implicit mental number line, evidenced by the distance effect in number comparison tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of number-form synesthesia on number representation flexibility.
To compare the performance of synesthetes and non-synesthetes in a number comparison task.
To explore the involuntary nature and spatial experience of number-form synesthesia.

Main Methods:

A number comparison task was administered to three number-form synesthetes and two non-synesthete control groups (Hebrew and English speakers).
Performance was analyzed based on numerical distance and congruency with the synesthete's number form.

Main Results:

Synesthetes showed a significant distance effect only when presented numbers were congruent with their number form.
Control groups exhibited a consistent distance effect irrespective of number congruency or presentation type.

Conclusions:

Number-form synesthesia may hinder flexible number representation based on task demands.
The findings support the tangible and involuntary nature of synesthetic experiences.
The mental number line appears adaptable and potentially independent of cultural influences.