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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

Types of Reports I: Hand-off Report

Types of Reports I: Hand-off Report

A hand-off report, also known as a change-of-shift report, is a crucial nursing process that ensures the smooth transition of patient care responsibilities between nursing staff.
Following are the key components and categories of hand-off reports:
Purpose and Process:

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Nursing Clinical Information System

Nursing Clinical Information System

Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS)
A Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS) is a specialized type of healthcare information system tailored to meet the unique needs of nursing practice. It incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to streamline information management and improve the quality of care delivery.
Critical attributes of NCIS include:

Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report

Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report

An Incident or Occurrence Report in a healthcare setting is a crucial document used to record any unexpected occurrence that may or may not have affected a patient, employee, or visitor. Such reports are critical to improving patient safety and include all details leading up to and including the event.
Purposes:
In the healthcare industry, reports play a crucial role in documenting incidents within an agency. The primary objective of these reports is to ensure patient safety, uphold the...

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Collateral reports in the college setting: a meta-analytic integration.

Brian Borsari¹, Paige Muellerleile

¹Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Brian_Borsari@brown.edu

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research

|March 21, 2009

Summary

Collateral reports show little bias compared to college students' self-reported alcohol use. Moderate agreement exists, but collaterals may intentionally underreport to protect participants.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Addiction Research
Public Health

Background:

College drinking research predominantly relies on self-report data.
Collateral reports are sometimes used to validate self-reported alcohol consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

To meta-analytically examine the accuracy of collateral reports versus self-reports of alcohol use in college students.
To assess bias and agreement between participant and collateral reports.
To identify factors influencing discrepancies in college drinking data.

Main Methods:

A meta-analysis integrating data from over 970 collateral and participant dyads.
Analysis of bias using mean differences.
Assessment of agreement using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Main Results:

Minimal bias was found between collateral estimates and participant self-reports of alcohol use.
Moderate agreement (mean ICC = 0.501) was observed between collateral and participant reports.
Evidence suggests collaterals may intentionally underreport to protect participants.

Conclusions:

Collateral reports offer a largely unbiased, though moderately agreeing, perspective on college student drinking.
Potential protective underreporting by collaterals warrants further investigation.
Collateral reports can be valuable for verifying self-reported alcohol use in college settings.