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Personal Protective Equipment

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology

Published on: October 3, 2016

Redundant protective barriers: minimizing operator occupational risk.

Karthik Challa¹, Stafford G Warren, Subhash Danak

¹Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia, USA.

Journal of Interventional Cardiology

|March 21, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Combined lead barriers significantly reduce operator radiation exposure during angiographic procedures. This approach drastically lowers the theoretical long-term risks of cancer and genetic defects for healthcare professionals.

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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology

Published on: October 3, 2016

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Interventional Cardiology
Occupational Health

Background:

Therapeutic angiographic procedures pose long-term cancer and genetic defect risks to operators.
Evaluating the effectiveness of radiation protective barriers is crucial for occupational safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the effectiveness of redundant radiation protective barriers.
To assess the impact on operator total-body ionizing radiation exposure in catheterization suites.

Main Methods:

Thermoluminescent dosimetry measured X-irradiation with and without personal/movable barriers.
Operator exposure was assessed during 50 procedures.
Patient entrance/exit doses were recorded to understand scatter patterns.

Main Results:

Personal barriers (0.5-1.0 mm lead equivalent) reduced operator exposure by 72-96%.
Leaded glasses (0.75 mm) reduced left eye exposure by 67%; a leaded glove reduced hand exposure by 20%.
Combined barriers reduced theoretical cancer risk 22-fold and genetic effect risk 25-fold.

Conclusions:

Optimal use of combined personal and movable lead barriers significantly reduces operator radiation exposure.
Redundant barriers in catheterization suites offer substantial theoretical long-term occupational risk reduction.
Encouraging the use of redundant barriers is recommended for safety.