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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs
11:00

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs

Published on: June 12, 2018

Lowly expressed human microRNA genes evolve rapidly.

Han Liang, Wen-Hsiung Li

    Molecular Biology and Evolution
    |March 21, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Human microRNA (miRNA) evolution is linked to expression levels. Around 30% of human miRNA genes show minimal evolutionary constraint, indicating relaxed selective pressure.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Genomics
    • Molecular biology

    Background:

    • Investigating the evolutionary trajectory of microRNAs (miRNAs) is crucial for understanding gene regulation.
    • Analyzing nucleotide variation, interspecies divergence, and genomic clustering provides insights into miRNA evolution.

    Discussion:

    • Expression level significantly influences the rate of miRNA evolution.
    • A substantial portion (approximately 30%) of human miRNA genes exhibit negligible selective pressure.
    • Genomic clustering patterns correlate with evolutionary rates.

    Key Insights:

    • MicroRNA expression level is a primary determinant of evolutionary rate.
    • Relaxed selection is evident in a significant fraction of human miRNA genes.
    • Comparative genomics reveals distinct evolutionary patterns among miRNAs.

    More Related Videos

    Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells
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    Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

    Published on: September 28, 2011

    CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
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    CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

    Published on: April 25, 2022

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

    Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs
    11:00

    Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs

    Published on: June 12, 2018

    Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells
    07:19

    Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

    Published on: September 28, 2011

    CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis
    10:40

    CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

    Published on: April 25, 2022

    Outlook:

    • Further research can explore the functional implications of relaxed selection on miRNA genes.
    • Understanding miRNA evolution aids in identifying conserved regulatory networks.
    • Comparative studies across a wider range of species will refine evolutionary models.