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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering
05:18

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering

Published on: December 7, 2016

HbA1c: how do we measure it and what does it mean?

Randie R Little1, David B Sacks

  • 1Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|March 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Standardization of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing has improved accuracy, reducing variations between methods. This progress supports using HbA1c for diabetes screening and diagnosis, with results reported in both NGSP and IFCC units.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering
05:18

A Rapid and Chemical-free Hemoglobin Assay with Photothermal Angular Light Scattering

Published on: December 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Diabetology
  • Laboratory Medicine

Background:

  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is crucial for diabetes management.
  • Existing standardization schemes for HbA1c yield significantly different results.
  • Accurate HbA1c measurement is essential for reliable patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in standardizing HbA1c measurement.
  • To discuss the interpretation of HbA1c results in clinical practice.
  • To highlight the impact of standardization on diabetes diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent developments in HbA1c standardization protocols.
  • Review of studies correlating HbA1c with average blood glucose.
  • Evaluation of assay method performance with common hemoglobin variants.

Main Results:

  • Significant reduction in inter-method variation for HbA1c measurements due to standardization.
  • Demonstrated linear correlation between HbA1c levels and estimated average glucose (eAG).
  • Variability in HbA1c assay accuracy for individuals with common hemoglobin variants.

Conclusions:

  • Improved HbA1c standardization enhances measurement accuracy and reduces variability.
  • Standardized HbA1c testing shows potential for diabetes screening and diagnosis.
  • Consensus recommends reporting HbA1c in both NGSP (%) and IFCC (mmol/mol) units, with optional eAG reporting.