Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also promote...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Compost and rootstock effects on fibrous root physiology and bacterial community composition in young citrus trees under endemic Huanglongbing.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Early Spatiotemporal Deficits Become Competitive Advantages During Collective Expansion.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Complete genome assemblies of two mouse subspecies reveal structural diversity of telomeres and centromeres.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Ergolide Regulates Microglial Activation and Inflammatory-Mediated Dysfunction: A Role for the Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

Evaluation of controls, quality control assays, and protocol optimisations for PacBio HiFi sequencing on diverse and challenging samples.

Frontiers in genetics·2025
Same author

Stochastic activation of a family of TetR type transcriptional regulators controls phenotypic heterogeneity in <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.

PNAS nexus·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Convergence spasm treated with botulinum toxin.

Beata B Kaczmarek1, Emma Dawson, John P Lee

  • 1Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Strabismus
|March 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin injections may offer relief for convergence spasm, a condition causing double vision and eye misalignment. While some patients achieve lasting symptom relief, others require ongoing treatment or find no benefit.

More Related Videos

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Convergence spasm is a challenging condition characterized by involuntary inward turning of the eyes.
  • Patients often experience debilitating symptoms including diplopia and miosis.
  • Previous treatments have shown limited success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injections in treating convergence spasm.
  • To explore the potential of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic option for this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of patients treated with botulinum toxin to the medial rectus muscle for convergence spasm.
  • Analysis of patient outcomes, including symptom resolution and need for repeat treatments.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin injections were administered to 17 patients (11 female, 6 male) with convergence spasm.
  • 18% of patients became symptom-free after a single injection, while 41% required ongoing treatment.
  • 7 patients (41%) experienced no benefit from the treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Convergence spasm may represent a form of dystonia responsive to botulinum toxin.
  • Botulinum toxin is a viable treatment option for some patients with convergence spasm, though outcomes vary.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the long-term effectiveness and patient selection for this therapy.