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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Methylation regulates hepatitis B viral protein expression.

Perumal Vivekanandan1, David Thomas, Michael Torbenson

  • 1Department of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation regulates Hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein production. Methylated HBV DNA and its covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were found in human liver tissues, impacting viral gene expression.

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Published on: September 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Virology
  • Epigenetics
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Research

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA contains CpG islands, suggesting a role for methylation in regulating viral protein production.
  • Previous research indicated potential methylation involvement, but direct evidence linking viral DNA methylation to gene expression regulation was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that methylation of viral DNA regulates HBV gene expression.
  • To determine the impact of varying degrees of viral DNA methylation on viral protein production.

Main Methods:

  • Transfection of HepG2 cells with unmethylated, partially methylated, and fully methylated HBV DNA.
  • Development of a novel assay to specifically detect methylated covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in human liver tissue.
  • In vitro assessment of HBV cccDNA methylation effects on viral protein production.

Main Results:

  • Methylation of HBV DNA significantly reduced HBV mRNA levels and viral protein expression (surface and core) in HepG2 cells.
  • Methylated HBV cccDNA was identified in both tumor and non-neoplastic human liver tissues.
  • In vitro HBV cccDNA methylation led to decreased viral protein production.

Conclusions:

  • CpG island methylation directly regulates HBV gene transcription and viral protein production.
  • Methylation of viral CpG islands is a key mechanism controlling HBV replication and pathogenesis.