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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

The distal radioulnar joint.

Peter C Tsai¹, Nader Paksima

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA

Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases

|March 24, 2009

Summary

Injuries to the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) often accompany distal radius fractures. Unrecognized TFCC and DRUJ damage can lead to poor outcomes after wrist fracture treatment.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Hand and Wrist Anatomy
Traumatology

Background:

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is crucial for forearm rotation, working with the proximal radioulnar joint.
The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) stabilizes the DRUJ, providing a smooth articular surface and supporting rotation.
Injuries to the DRUJ and TFCC are frequently associated with distal radius fractures.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the significance of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in the context of distal radius fractures.
To emphasize the impact of unrecognized or untreated DRUJ and TFCC injuries on patient outcomes.
To underscore the importance of evaluating TFCC and DRUJ status in all distal radius fracture cases.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Novel Triple-Loop Technique for Suturing TFCC Injuries without Transosseous Tunnel

Published on: May 23, 2025

Review of anatomical structures and biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint.
Analysis of injury patterns associated with distal radius fractures.
Discussion of clinical implications of TFCC and DRUJ injuries.

Main Results:

Distal radius fractures commonly involve the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and its stabilizing triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC).
Untreated or missed injuries to the TFCC and DRUJ are significant contributors to poor functional outcomes following distal radius fracture treatment.
The TFCC provides essential stability and smooth articulation for the DRUJ during forearm rotation.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive evaluation and management of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries are critical for optimizing outcomes in patients with distal radius fractures.
Failure to address TFCC and DRUJ pathology can result in persistent wrist pain and dysfunction.
Standard treatment protocols for distal radius fractures should incorporate thorough assessment for associated DRUJ and TFCC injuries.