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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Polymerase Chain Reaction and Dot-Blot Hybridization for Leptospira Detection in Water Samples
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Leptospirosis: risks during recreational activities.

A M Monahan1, I S Miller, J E Nally

  • 1Veterinary Sciences Center, UCD School of Agriculture Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

Journal of Applied Microbiology
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, spreads through infected urine from various mammals. Awareness and avoiding contaminated water are key to reducing risks during recreational activities.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species.
  • Infected hosts shed Leptospira in their urine, contaminating water sources.
  • Human infection occurs through direct contact with urine or contaminated water during water-related activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diverse mammalian hosts of Leptospira.
  • To discuss the increasing risk of recreational leptospirosis exposure.
  • To emphasize prevention strategies and the role of molecular diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on leptospirosis transmission and hosts.
  • Analysis of trends in occupational versus recreational exposure.
  • Discussion of molecular techniques for risk assessment and shedding detection.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian species like rats, dogs, cattle, bats, and sea lions act as reservoirs for Leptospira.
  • Recreational exposure to leptospirosis is rising, particularly among adventure travelers.
  • Occupational exposure rates are declining in Western countries.

Conclusions:

  • Increased awareness of transmission routes is crucial for prevention.
  • Avoiding contaminated water and using prophylaxis can mitigate infection risks.
  • Molecular methods offer valuable tools for epidemiological surveillance and risk assessment.