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Related Concept Videos

Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Aptamer-Based Target Detection Facilitated by a 3-Stage G-Quadruplex Isothermal Exponential Amplification Reaction
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Expanded hammerhead ribozymes containing addressable three-way junctions.

Markus Wieland1, Manuela Gfell, Jörg S Hartig

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School of Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an expanded hammerhead ribozyme (HHR) for efficient gene regulation in bacteria. This novel scaffold enables the creation of powerful artificial riboswitches for synthetic biology applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Therapeutics

Background:

  • Hammerhead ribozymes (HHRs) are established tools for gene regulation.
  • Existing HHR designs have limitations in attaching additional functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer an expanded full-length HHR scaffold for enhanced gene regulation.
  • To create efficient artificial riboswitches in bacteria using the novel HHR design.

Main Methods:

  • Designed expanded HHRs by attaching an additional helix (IV) to stem I.
  • Incorporated the novel ribozyme scaffold into bacterial mRNA for gene expression control.
  • Appended an aptamer to the new stem for in vivo screening of RNA switches.

Main Results:

  • Achieved very fast cleavage rates with the expanded HHR design.
  • Demonstrated efficient control of gene expression via autocatalytic cleavage.
  • Identified potent theophylline-inducible RNA switches through in vivo screening.

Conclusions:

  • The expanded HHR provides a new versatile scaffold for synthetic biology.
  • This design offers an additional attachment point for regulatory modules in gene expression control.
  • The developed riboswitches show promise for in vivo applications.