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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Somatic cell reprogramming control: signaling pathway modulation versus transcription factor activities.

Frederic Lluis1, Maria Pia Cosma

  • 1TIGEM, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, Italy.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|March 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell reprogramming, the process of de-differentiating cells, can be enhanced. This study explores how transcription factors and signaling pathways cooperate to improve reprogramming efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cell differentiation was traditionally viewed as a one-way process from zygotes.
  • Somatic cell reprogramming allows de-differentiation into pluripotent stem-like cells.
  • Key discoveries include transcription factor overexpression and signaling pathway modulation (Wnt/beta-catenin, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt) for enhanced reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To explore the convergence and cooperation of different reprogramming routes.
  • To understand how transcription factor overexpression and signaling pathway modulation interact.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Discussion of the interplay between genetic (transcription factors) and signaling pathways.
  • Conceptual framework for parallel cooperation in reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • The molecular mechanisms driving reprogramming remain largely unknown.
  • The convergence of transcription factor-based and signaling pathway-based reprogramming is unclear.
  • Different reprogramming routes can potentially cooperate in parallel.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the cooperative mechanisms is crucial for advancing reprogramming technology.
  • Parallel cooperation between transcription factors and signaling pathways may significantly enhance reprogramming efficiency.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate these complex molecular interactions.