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DNA as a Genetic Template

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

DNA as a Genetic Template

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

Decrypting the genome's alternative messages.

Britta Hartmann¹, Juan Valcárcel

¹Centre de Regulació Genómica, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

|March 25, 2009

Summary

Alternative splicing, a key process in gene expression, generates significant transcript diversity. Its dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases, highlighting its importance in human health and biological processes.

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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

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Published on: March 10, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

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Published on: July 12, 2022

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Alternative splicing of messenger RNA (mRNA) precursors is a widespread regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes.
It significantly impacts gene function and offers regulatory opportunities.
Dysregulation of alternative splicing is implicated in various human pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of alternative splicing in generating transcript diversity.
To understand the mechanisms that establish and misregulate alternative splicing.
To highlight the contribution of alternative splicing to diverse biological processes.

Main Methods:

Analysis of high-throughput transcriptomic data.
Investigation of regulatory mechanisms coordinating splice site choice with cellular processes.
Review of existing literature on alternative splicing and its implications.

Main Results:

Alternative splicing affects the majority of human genes, generating substantial transcript diversity.
Numerous mechanisms, including transcription, mRNA editing, and miRNA regulation, modulate splice site choice.
Misregulation of alternative splicing is a common factor in disease progression.

Conclusions:

Alternative splicing is crucial for eukaryotic gene function and biological complexity.
Understanding alternative splicing is vital for comprehending genetic diversity, cell differentiation, and diseases like cancer and neuromuscular disorders.