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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
NMR spectroscopy generates a spectrum where the characteristic absorption frequencies of the sample are...
NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...

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Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications
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Published on: September 6, 2012

X-ray imaging beyond the limits.

Henry N Chapman1

  • 1Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, and DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. henry.chapman@desy.de

Nature Materials
|March 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upcoming free-electron lasers will enable femtosecond X-ray microscopy for imaging macromolecules at atomic scales. This advance allows for X-ray imaging without the need for sample crystallization.

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Area of Science:

  • X-ray science
  • Biophysics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Free-electron lasers (FELs) generate intense, ultrashort X-ray pulses.
  • X-ray microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing matter at the nanoscale.
  • Current limitations include temporal resolution and sample preparation requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of FELs for advanced X-ray microscopy.
  • To investigate imaging capabilities at femtosecond timescales and interatomic length scales.
  • To assess the feasibility of imaging macromolecules without crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing intense, brief pulses from free-electron lasers.
  • Employing advanced X-ray microscopy techniques.
  • Conducting simulations and analyzing experimental data.

Main Results:

  • FELs extend X-ray microscopy to the femtosecond time domain.
  • Imaging is achievable at interatomic length scales.
  • Enables visualization of macromolecules without crystallization.

Conclusions:

  • FELs represent a significant advancement for X-ray microscopy.
  • New possibilities for studying biological molecules and materials at unprecedented resolution.
  • Overcomes the need for crystalline samples in X-ray imaging.