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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Published on: December 1, 2023

Spine loading at different lumbar levels during pushing and pulling.

Gregory G Knapik¹, William S Marras

¹Biodynamics Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

|March 25, 2009

Summary

Pushing and pulling tasks can strain the lumbar spine. This study found that loads over 20% of body weight increase risk, with pulling at lower handle heights reducing anterior-posterior shear forces on the spine.

More Related Videos

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Published on: December 1, 2023

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Occupational Health
Ergonomics

Background:

Materials handling is shifting from lifting to pushing and pulling.
Previous models inadequately assess spine risk from complex push-pull motions, especially regarding antagonistic cocontraction.
Existing cocontraction analyses often focus on single lumbar levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess lumbar spine loadings throughout the entire spine during pushing and pulling.
To investigate the influence of handle height and load magnitude on spine biomechanics.
To identify conditions that may pose a risk to the lumbar spine in modern material handling.

Main Methods:

Utilized an electromyography-assisted biomechanical model sensitive to complex motions.
Ten males and ten females performed pushing and pulling tasks.
Varied loads across three handle heights and three magnitudes.

Main Results:

Pulling generated higher compressive spinal loads compared to pushing.
Pushing resulted in greater shear loads across lumbar levels than pulling.
Anterior-posterior (A/P) shear loads were significant, particularly at upper lumbar levels.

Conclusions:

Exertions exceeding 20% of body weight represent a potential limit for safe pushing and pulling.
Pulling at low and medium handle heights (50% and 65% of stature) effectively minimized A/P shear loads.
Findings offer crucial insights into spine loading and low back risk during contemporary material handling tasks.