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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
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Large-volume breast reduction: Long-term results.

Sagit Meshulam-Derazon1, Yoav Barnea, Arik Zaretski

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery
|March 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
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Reduction mammaplasty using the inferior pedicle technique showed poor subjective cosmetic outcomes despite objective symmetry. Researchers recommend exploring alternative surgical methods for better patient satisfaction.

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Cosmetic Surgery
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Reduction mammaplasty aims to improve breast aesthetics and relieve symptoms associated with macromastia.
  • The inferior pedicle technique is a common method for breast reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the cosmetic outcomes of reduction mammaplasty using the inferior pedicle technique.
  • To compare subjective patient and clinician evaluations with objective measurements.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 43 patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty between 1992-2000 using the inferior pedicle technique.
  • Cosmetic outcomes were assessed using both subjective (patient and clinician ratings) and objective (measurements of breast symmetry, volume, etc.) methods.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Objective measurements were mostly within ideal ranges, except for breast volume and nipple-to-inframammary-line distance.
  • Subjective evaluations for symmetry and aesthetic appearance were below desired thresholds.
  • No correlation was found between objective and subjective symmetry evaluations.

Conclusions:

  • The inferior pedicle technique resulted in suboptimal subjective cosmetic outcomes, potentially due to factors like heavy breasts, patient weight, and induced pseudoptosis.
  • Alternative surgical techniques should be investigated for long-term results.
  • Consideration for lower nipple-areola complex placement than standard inframammary fold projection is suggested.