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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Regulation of the Digestive System

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
The effectors in this regulation system are glands and smooth muscles. Activation of these...

Gastric Phase of Digestion

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Gastrin-releasing peptide: different forms, different functions.

Joseph Ischia¹, Oneel Patel, Arthur Shulkes

¹Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Biofactors (Oxford, England)

|March 26, 2009

Summary

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its nonamidated forms have diverse biological roles beyond cancer. These peptides, including proGRP31-98, show potential as biomarkers for small cell lung and prostate cancers.

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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

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Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroendocrinology
Molecular Biology
Oncology

Background:

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its amidated forms (GRP18-27, GRP1-27) are derived from proGRP1-125 and regulate physiological functions, including cancer progression.
Recent research implicates GRP in psychiatric conditions, circadian rhythms, itch sensation, inflammation, and wound repair.
GRP actions are mediated by the GRP receptor.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the biological activities and receptor interactions of nonamidated GRP fragments derived from proGRP.
To investigate the role of nonamidated GRP fragments in normal tissues and cancer.
To evaluate the potential of proGRP fragments as cancer biomarkers.

Main Methods:

Analysis of biological activities of nonamidated peptides derived from proGRP, including GRP18-28 and proGRP31-125 fragments.
Investigation of receptor usage for nonamidated GRP fragments.
Assessment of nonamidated GRP fragment presence in normal and cancerous tissues.
Evaluation of proGRP31-98 as a serum biomarker in small cell lung cancer and prostate cancer.

Main Results:

Nonamidated peptides, such as GRP18-28 and proGRP31-125 fragments, exhibit biological activity in various tissues and cancer cell lines.
While GRP18-28 utilizes the GRP receptor, the receptor for proGRP31-125 fragments remains unidentified.
Nonamidated fragments are found in both normal and cancerous tissues.
proGRP31-98 demonstrates high sensitivity as a serum biomarker for small cell lung cancer and predicts poor survival in advanced prostate cancer.

Conclusions:

Nonamidated GRP fragments represent a distinct class of biologically active peptides with diverse roles.
The identification of receptors for these fragments is crucial for understanding their signaling pathways.
proGRP31-98 shows significant promise as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in specific cancers.