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Related Concept Videos

Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the solvent...
Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Ultrastable superbase-derived protic ionic liquids.

Huimin Luo, Gary A Baker, Je Seung Lee

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
    |March 27, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New protic ionic liquids demonstrate enhanced thermal stability, overcoming limitations in energy applications. These novel compounds offer improved performance for electrochemical capacitors and fuel cells.

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    Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
    06:44

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    Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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    Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
    06:31

    Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

    Published on: November 27, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Electrochemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are synthesized through acid-base proton transfer.
    • Conventional PILs suffer from thermal instability due to reverse proton transfer, limiting their applications.
    • This instability hinders their use in separations, electrochemical capacitors, and fuel cells.

    Discussion:

    • This study introduces a new class of PILs with significantly improved thermal stability.
    • These novel PILs are derived from superbasic phosphazenes or guanidines via integrated neutralization and metathesis.
    • The enhanced stability approaches that of conventional aprotic ionic liquids.

    Key Insights:

    • The newly developed PILs exhibit exceptionally low vapor pressures at 150°C.
    • They demonstrate stability against strong alkali agents like aqueous KOH.
    • This suggests their suitability for demanding energy-related applications.

    Outlook:

    • These thermally stable PILs hold promise for advanced electrochemical capacitors.
    • Potential applications include proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.
    • Further research can explore their use in other high-temperature separation processes.