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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

An objective evaluation of a segmented foot model.

Nori Okita¹, Steven A Meyers, John H Challis

¹Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

|March 27, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study evaluated a three-segment foot and ankle model using skin-mounted markers. While the shank and hindfoot were accurate, the forefoot showed some deviation, indicating potential for improved clinical interpretations.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedics
Human Movement Science

Background:

Segmented foot and ankle models enhance understanding of functional behavior in health and disease.
External markers are commonly used to define these models, but their accuracy requires validation.

Purpose of the Study:

To objectively evaluate the fidelity of a generalized three-segment foot and ankle model using externally mounted markers.
To assess the validity of the rigid body assumption and quantify soft tissue artifact.

Main Methods:

Utilized a cadaver lower extremity apparatus simulating gait kinematics and kinetics.
Recorded 3D kinematic trajectories using both skin-mounted and bone-mounted markers.
Compared segment kinematics to bone kinematics and virtual markers to assess rigid body assumption and soft tissue artifact.

Main Results:

Shank and hindfoot segments behaved as rigid bodies.
Forefoot segment violated the rigid body assumption, showing significant differences between metatarsal motions.
Soft tissue artifact resulted in mild affects on inter-segmental kinematics (3-7 mm overall motion).

Conclusions:

The generalized three-segment foot and ankle model demonstrated reasonable overall performance despite minor deviations.
The findings support more informed interpretations of clinical data derived from this segmented model approach.