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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

An information-bearing seed for nucleating algorithmic self-assembly.

Robert D Barish1, Rebecca Schulman, Paul W K Rothemund

  • 1California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed programmable DNA origami seeds to reliably control the growth of complex DNA crystals. These seeds enhance the yield and precision of algorithmic self-assembly, paving the way for advanced bottom-up fabrication.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

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Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Self-assembly is a fundamental process in nature, creating complex structures from simple components.
  • Algorithmic self-assembly using DNA tiles offers a route to programmable fabrication, but has been limited by unreliable nucleation.
  • Programmable seeds are crucial for directing the specific outcomes of self-assembly processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a programmable DNA origami seed for nucleating algorithmic self-assembly.
  • To demonstrate the seed's ability to control the growth of diverse DNA crystal structures.
  • To improve the reliability and yield of algorithmic crystal formation.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of a DNA origami seed with up to 32 distinct binding sites.
  • Utilizing the seed to direct the self-assembly of DNA tiles into crystalline ribbons of specific widths.
  • Employing the seed to initiate layer-by-layer binary string copying and binary counting patterns.
  • Conducting one-pot annealing reactions with up to 300 DNA strands (>17 kb sequence information).

Main Results:

  • The DNA origami seed successfully directed the assembly of DNA crystals with >90% yield for specific ribbon widths.
  • Near-optimal growth conditions with the seed resulted in a bit copying error rate <0.2%.
  • The seed precisely controlled the initial string and counter values for complex patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Programmable DNA origami seeds overcome limitations in algorithmic self-assembly reliability and yield.
  • These seeds enable precise control over crystal structure, width, and information encoding.
  • This work presents a significant advancement in programmable bottom-up fabrication using DNA self-assembly.