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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Controlled Rotation of Human Observers in a Virtual Reality Environment

Controlled Rotation of Human Observers in a Virtual Reality Environment

Published on: April 21, 2022

Anticipated effort in imagined self-rotation.

Steven Macramalla¹, Bruce Bridgeman

¹Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. steven.r.macramalla@nasa.gov

|March 28, 2009

Summary

Anticipated effort influences mental imagery, affecting imagined self-rotation speed based on distance and load. Spatial metrics and effort perception play roles in mental imagery coding.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Chronometric studies indicate mental imagery utilizes perceptual processes.
Recent research shows anticipated effort impacts perception.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of anticipated effort on mental imagery.
To determine if spatial metrics and effort affect mental imagery.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1: Participants imagined self-rotation in settings of varying distances.
Experiment 2: Replicated distance effect and introduced imaginary load manipulation.

Main Results:

Imagined self-rotation was slower in larger settings, suggesting arc incorporation.
Imagined rotation was slower with imaginary heavy loads.

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Both spatial metrics and anticipated effort influenced mental imagery coding.

Conclusions:

Anticipated effort is a factor in mental imagery.
Mental imagery coding incorporates spatial metrics and perceived effort.