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Related Concept Videos

Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
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Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
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Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
11:17

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Published on: November 3, 2009

Waterborne toxoplasmosis--recent developments.

J L Jones1, J P Dubey

  • 1Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne and Enteric Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS: F22, Chamblee, GA 30341, USA. JLJ1@CDC.GOV

Experimental Parasitology
|March 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Waterborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) may be more significant than previously thought. This review examines the potential role of water in spreading this common parasitic infection.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
11:17

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Published on: November 3, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Environmental Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasite that infects humans through undercooked meat or contaminated food/water.
  • Oocyst-induced infections are suspected to be more severe than those from tissue cysts.
  • Historically, waterborne transmission was considered rare, but recent events challenge this assumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential significance of waterborne transmission of T. gondii.
  • To re-evaluate the role of water in the epidemiology of T. gondii infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and examination of epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of outbreak investigations and environmental contamination studies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests waterborne T. gondii transmission is more common than previously recognized.
  • A major human outbreak linked to a contaminated water reservoir highlights this risk.
  • Widespread T. gondii infection in marine mammals indicates environmental contamination pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Waterborne transmission is a plausible and potentially significant route for T. gondii.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the public health implications of waterborne T. gondii.