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RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

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ADAR1 and ADAR2 expression and editing activity during forebrain development.

Michelle M Jacobs¹, Rachel L Fogg, Ronald B Emeson

¹Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., USA.

Developmental Neuroscience

|March 28, 2009

Summary

Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) are crucial for RNA editing. This study reveals ADAR1 and ADAR2 are broadly expressed in the mouse forebrain from birth, with editing preceding protein expression.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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Published on: October 8, 2010

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

RNA editing, specifically the conversion of adenosine to inosine, is a critical post-transcriptional modification.
This process is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), a family of enzymes.
The developmental expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms of ADARs are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of ADAR1 and ADAR2 in the developing mouse forebrain.
To explore the relationship between ADAR protein expression and the onset of RNA editing in specific brain regions.

Main Methods:

Quantitative analysis of ADAR1 and ADAR2 mRNA and protein expression in mouse forebrain tissues at different developmental stages.
Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to determine cell-type-specific localization (neurons vs. astrocytes).

Main Results:

ADAR1 and ADAR2 exhibit broad distribution throughout the mouse forebrain by postnatal day 0 (P0), including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
High expression levels of ADAR1 and ADAR2 persist from early development into adulthood.
Both ADAR1 and ADAR2 are localized to neurons, with no significant expression detected in astrocytes.
RNA editing of specific ADAR targets was observed to occur before the peak expression of ADAR proteins.

Conclusions:

ADAR1 and ADAR2 are widely expressed in the developing and adult mouse forebrain, primarily in neurons.
The temporal dynamics of RNA editing suggest that factors beyond ADAR expression levels may regulate region-specific editing patterns.