Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models
Published on: March 1, 2015
Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in healthy young and older adults
Susan G Butler1, Andrew Stuart, Shannon Kemp
1Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
Objectives:
Scant data exist on normal swallowing as assessed endoscopically. A lack of understanding for the range of normal swallowing may lead to inaccurate diagnoses and overly aggressive management of patients with dysphagia. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age (i.e., young versus older), gender, bolus volume (i.e., 5 versus 10 mL), and bolus condition (i.e., water versus milk) on Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores, bolus dwell time, pharyngeal closure duration, and residue in healthy adults.
Methods:
Twenty-three young adults (mean, 30.0 years of age) and 21 older adults (mean, 75.0 years of age) participated. Measurements were acquired during manoendoscopic swallowing assessments. The participants contributed 8 swallows, affording a study total of 352 swallows for analysis.
Results:
The older adults demonstrated penetration on 19 swallows and aspiration on 11 swallows out of 168 swallows. There was a significant difference in the proportion of Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores across age and gender groups. Longer bolus dwell times were seen in older adults and with milk boluses, whereas residue severity was less in young adults and with water boluses.
Conclusions:
Endoscopic data on normal swallowing physiology were generated. These data may serve as an accurate benchmark for clinicians and researchers in the interpretation of dysphagia.
Related Concept Videos
Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow
Purpose and Procedure
Patients undergoing this procedure ingest a liquid containing barium sulfate with a chalky...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy
Assessment of the Mouth
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Deglutition
Swallowing can be divided into three stages: the voluntary phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase. Although the...
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...

