Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Annotating Interchromosomal Interactions at Sub-Megabase Resolution Using Network Clustering Coefficients.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Modeling quantifies in vivo neutralization, Fc-mediated killing, and resistance in human clinical trials of five anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

TDTAC: a generalized time-dependent torsion angle correlation framework for resolving directional coordination in large biomolecular assemblies.

Frontiers in molecular biosciences·2026

Same author

Challenges of conventional iterative all-atom and coarse-grained multiscale molecular dynamics.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP immunization induced B cell expansion targeting the 465-glycan hole, with neutralizing antibodies exhibiting distinct binding modes and mechanisms of virus inhibition.

PLoS pathogens·2026

Same author

Genotypic challenges in implementing broadly neutralizing antibody-based long-acting HIV-1 therapies.

Communications medicine·2026

Same journal

Identification of a Complex HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF203_cpx) Originating from Three Main Circulating Recombinant Forms in China.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

Same journal

Near Full-Length Genome Characterization of a Novel Second-Generation HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Identified in an MSM Individual in Guizhou, China.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

Same journal

Evolving Indications and Diagnostic Spectrum of Bone Marrow Examination in People with HIV During the Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A 6-Year Retrospective Study.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

Same journal

A Conserved Natural Killer Cell Transcriptional Fingerprint in Rhesus Macaque Models of Acute Viral Infections.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

Same journal

Perceived Ethical Risks of HIV Phylogenetic Research: Insights from Professional Stakeholders in Uganda.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

Same journal

Genomic Characterization of Two Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Recombinant Forms (CRF01_AE and B) in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hebei, China.

AIDS research and human retroviruses·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Appreciating HIV type 1 diversity: subtype differences in Env.

Rebecca M Lynch¹, Tongye Shen, S Gnanakaran

¹Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

|March 31, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes show significant genetic diversity, impacting vaccine development. Understanding these differences, especially in the Env V3 domain, is crucial for creating broad-coverage vaccines.

More Related Videos

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M drives the AIDS pandemic with high global genetic diversity.
HIV-1 subtypes vary significantly in their envelope (Env) glycoproteins, crucial targets for immune responses.
Viral diversity poses a major challenge for developing effective, broad-coverage HIV vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current research on genetic and phenotypic differences in HIV-1 Env subtypes.
To focus on the immunogenic V3 domain and its role in viral entry.
To highlight unique features of the globally prevalent subtype C Env.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on HIV-1 Env genetic and phenotypic diversity.
Analysis of research focusing on the V3 domain of HIV-1 Env.
Examination of subtype-specific variations and their biological consequences.

Main Results:

HIV-1 subtypes exhibit phenotypic differences due to structural variations in Env, particularly the V3 domain.
These variations influence viral entry and immune system targeting.
Subtype C Env possesses unique characteristics contributing to its global prevalence.

Conclusions:

Understanding intersubtype Env diversity is critical for HIV-1 vaccine design.
Focusing on the V3 domain offers insights into subtype-specific adaptations.
Further research into subtype C Env may inform strategies for broader vaccine efficacy.