Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cold SiO<sub>2</sub>-rich slabs reaching the CMB revealed by the seifertite phase boundary.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Serum and CSF cytokine profile impact clinical phenotype in pediatric MOGAD.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Adsorption of Cs Ions in Hydroxy-Al Interlayered Clay Minerals and the Aging Mechanism.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Life-Threatening SARS-CoV-2-Associated Encephalopathy and Multiorgan Failure in Children, Asia and Oceania, 2022-2024.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Self-help group participation, avoidance of nonalcoholic beer, and nonsmoking independently predict better drinking outcomes in Japanese alcohol-dependent men.

Alcohol, clinical & experimental research·2026
Same author

Aseptic Meningitis and Papillary Edema: Uncommon Presentation of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD).

Cureus·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures.

Hiroshi Sakuma1

  • 1Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashicho, Kodaira, Japan. sakumah@ncnp.go.jp

Brain & Development
|March 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS) in children presents with abrupt seizures and fever. This condition is difficult to treat, often leading to post-encephalitic epilepsy and cognitive issues.

More Related Videos

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS) is a distinct pediatric neurological disorder.
  • It typically manifests with abrupt-onset seizures, fever, and altered consciousness following an infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and potential etiology of AERRPS.
  • To explore the role of inflammation and autoimmunity in AERRPS.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case description and analysis.
  • Review of electroencephalograms (EEGs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.
  • Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for inflammatory markers and autoantibodies.

Main Results:

  • Seizures are localized, repetitive, pharmacoresistant, and often lead to status epilepticus.
  • Patients typically recover from acute seizures but develop post-encephalitic epilepsy with residual cognitive impairment.
  • EEG shows seizure activity and periodic discharges; MRI reveals late cerebral atrophy.
  • CSF pleocytosis, elevated neopterin, and early anti-NMDA receptor 2B autoantibodies suggest an inflammatory and potentially autoimmune process.

Conclusions:

  • AERRPS is a severe encephalitis characterized by refractory seizures and a propensity for developing chronic epilepsy.
  • Inflammatory and possible autoimmune mechanisms, including autoantibodies against NMDA receptor 2B, are implicated in its pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to identify definitive clinical markers for AERRPS.