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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

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Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus
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Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom.

Catarina Teixeira1, Yara Cury, Vanessa Moreira

  • 1Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500 - CEP 05503-900 - Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. cteixeir@usp.br

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|March 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Bothrops asper snake venom causes significant inflammation and pain. This review details the chemical mediators and molecular mechanisms behind this venom-induced inflammatory response.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Snakebite envenomation, particularly from viperine and crotaline species like Bothrops asper, is characterized by a significant inflammatory response at the injection site.
  • Bothrops asper venom induces a pronounced inflammatory reaction and pain in both humans and experimental models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the inflammatory reaction and pain triggered by Bothrops asper venom.
  • To summarize experimental studies on the venom's actions and the involved chemical mediators.
  • To present the molecular mechanisms underlying this venom-induced inflammatory response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on Bothrops asper venom.
  • Analysis of chemical mediators involved in the inflammatory cascade.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms of inflammation and nociception.
  • Inclusion of studies on isolated toxins (phospholipases A(2), metalloproteinase, serine proteases) from the venom.

Main Results:

  • Bothrops asper venom triggers a complex inflammatory cascade involving various chemical mediators.
  • Specific toxins, including phospholipases A(2), metalloproteinases, and serine proteases, contribute to the venom's inflammatory and nociceptive effects.
  • Molecular mechanisms driving the inflammatory response are elucidated through experimental studies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the inflammatory and pain mechanisms of Bothrops asper venom is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Isolated toxins serve as valuable tools for dissecting the complex actions of the whole venom.
  • Further research into the molecular targets can inform antivenom development and management strategies.