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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Teratogenesis associated with antibipolar agents.

Ha T T Nguyen¹, Verinder Sharma, Roger S McIntyre

¹Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Advances in Therapy

|March 31, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Valproate and carbamazepine pose the highest risks for major congenital malformations in infants. Pregnant individuals with bipolar disorder should weigh these teratogenic effects against relapse risks when choosing medication.

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Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Published on: March 20, 2012

Area of Science:

Perinatology
Pharmacology
Neuroscience

Background:

Bipolar disorder treatment during pregnancy requires careful consideration of teratogenic risks.
Many Food and Drug Administration-approved agents for bipolar disorder have potential adverse effects on fetal development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the teratogenic effects of Food and Drug Administration-approved agents used for bipolar disorder.
To inform clinical decision-making regarding medication safety in pregnant individuals with bipolar disorder.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature search of PubMed (1966-2008) using keywords related to bipolar agents and teratogenicity.
Augmented search with clinical trial databases, FDA resources, and pregnancy registries.
Articles selected based on consensus, sample size, methodology, and quality.

Main Results:

Valproate is linked to the highest rate of major congenital malformations (6.2%-16%).
Increased risks of neural tube defects with valproate (1%-5%) and carbamazepine (0.5%-1%).
Lamotrigine shows a potential increased risk for oral clefts; polytherapy increases malformation rates.

Conclusions:

Valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and lithium have well-characterized risks.
The benefits of bipolar disorder treatment during pregnancy must be balanced against potential teratogenic risks and relapse morbidity.