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Related Concept Videos

The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...
Electrical Conductivity01:13

Electrical Conductivity

In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
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More generally, it is related to the force per unit charge, which involves the...
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
Electrical Transport01:29

Electrical Transport

The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Electrical conduction mechanism in chemically derived graphene monolayers.

Alan B Kaiser1, Cristina Gómez-Navarro, Ravi S Sundaram

  • 1MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, SCPS, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.

Nano Letters
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

We studied electrical conduction in reduced graphene oxide monolayers. Two-dimensional variable-range hopping and electric-field-driven tunneling explain the transport, with tunneling dominating at low temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising material for electronic applications.
  • Understanding its intrinsic electrical properties is crucial for device development.
  • Graphene oxide monolayers offer a simplified system to study fundamental transport mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrical conduction mechanisms in individual chemically reduced graphene oxide monolayers.
  • To determine the dominant transport processes at cryogenic temperatures and high electric fields.
  • To elucidate the role of structural disorder in electrical transport.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide monolayers.
  • Low-temperature electrical transport measurements down to 2 K.
  • Analysis of conductance data using theoretical models of charge transport.

Main Results:

  • Observed conductance is explained by a combination of 2D variable-range hopping and electric-field-driven tunneling.
  • Electric-field-driven tunneling becomes the dominant transport mechanism at very low temperatures and high electric fields.
  • Results support a model of rGO with interspersed conducting and disordered regions.

Conclusions:

  • The electrical transport in rGO monolayers is governed by hopping and tunneling mechanisms.
  • Disorder and local electric fields significantly influence charge carrier transport.
  • This study provides fundamental insights into the electronic properties of reduced graphene oxide.