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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Graves' disease treated with thyroid arterial embolization.

Wei Zhao1, Bu-Lang Gao, Min Tian

  • 1Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical College, Yunnan Province, China.

Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid arterial embolization causes acute necrosis and chronic changes in Graves' disease (GD) thyroid glands, leading to reduced thyroid hormone secretion and effective hyperthyroidism treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Interventional Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism.
  • Thyroid arterial embolization (TAE) is an emerging treatment for GD.
  • Understanding the pathological sequelae of TAE is crucial for its clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathological changes in the thyroid gland following TAE in patients with GD.
  • To correlate pathological findings with clinical and biochemical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-seven patients with GD underwent TAE.
  • Thyroid gland biopsies were performed on 22 patients pre- and post-TAE.
  • Serum thyroid hormones, TSH, TRAb, and thyroid size were monitored.

Main Results:

  • TAE induced acute infarction and necrosis within 7 days, progressing to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy by 3 years.
  • Thyroid size decreased post-embolization.
  • Serum thyroid hormones and TSH normalized, while TRAb levels significantly decreased.

Conclusions:

  • TAE induces a spectrum of pathological changes in the GD thyroid, from acute ischemia to chronic tissue remodeling.
  • These sequential pathological alterations underpin the efficacy of TAE in managing GD hyperthyroidism.