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Related Concept Videos

Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Related Experiment Video

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Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Orientation-specific adaptation to mentally generated lines in human visual cortex.

Harald M Mohr1, Nicolas S Linder, David E J Linden

  • 1Department of Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Goethe-University, Mertonstrabetae 17, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany. hmohr@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Neuroimage
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mental imagery can induce perceptual and neural adaptation, similar to visual inspection. This mental tilt after-effect (TAE) and neural changes in visual areas correlate with imagery performance, suggesting recruitment of orientation-selective neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Prolonged visual inspection of tilted patterns causes perceptual changes (tilt after-effect, TAE) and reduced neural activation (neural adaptation).
  • The role of mental imagery in inducing these adaptation phenomena remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether perceptual and neural adaptation can be induced solely through mental imagination.
  • To explore the relationship between mental imagery, perceptual after-effects, and neural activity in visual processing areas.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study involving subjects mentally generating tilted lines.
  • Behavioral assessment of the tilt after-effect (TAE) following mental imagery.
  • Analysis of orientation-specific neural adaptation in extrastriate visual areas (V3-V4, V1).

Main Results:

  • A significant mental tilt after-effect (TAE) was observed after mental imagery.
  • Orientation-specific neural adaptation occurred in extrastriate visual areas (V3-V4), with a gradient towards V1.
  • The magnitude of neural adaptation and mental TAE correlated with individual mental imagery task performance.

Conclusions:

  • Mental imagery recruits orientation-selective neurons in visual areas, analogous to visual perception.
  • The degree of neural recruitment during mental imagery correlates with the success of the imagery operation.
  • Findings support the concept of analogue coding for mental images, influencing both perception and neural activity.