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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats
10:51

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Published on: May 11, 2018

Intracranial stimulation therapy for epilepsy.

Tara L Skarpaas1, Martha J Morrell

  • 1NeuroPace, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, USA.

Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Intracranial stimulation shows promise for treating drug-resistant epilepsy. Both open-loop and responsive stimulation methods are being explored for safety and effectiveness in patients with medically intractable epilepsy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Epilepsy affects 1-2% of the population, with 30% of patients remaining seizure-free despite current treatments.
  • Intractable epilepsy necessitates novel therapeutic strategies beyond medication, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical studies on intracranial stimulation for medically intractable epilepsy.
  • To evaluate both open-loop and closed-loop (responsive) stimulation approaches.
  • To discuss the optimization and safety of neurostimulation parameters in epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of acute and long-term clinical studies involving intracranial stimulation.
  • Analysis of stimulation delivered to seizure foci versus inhibitory regions.
  • Examination of open-loop (scheduled) and closed-loop (responsive) stimulation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Intracranial stimulation has demonstrated safety and proof of principle in epilepsy patients.
  • Both focal and non-focal stimulation approaches have been investigated.
  • Responsive (closed-loop) stimulation shows feasibility for seizure detection and intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Intracranial stimulation is a viable adjunctive therapy for medically intractable epilepsy.
  • Further research into stimulation parameters and responsive systems is warranted.
  • Optimizing neurostimulation techniques can improve outcomes for epilepsy patients.