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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
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An Optimized Protocol for Rearing Fopius arisanus, a Parasitoid of Tephritid Fruit Flies
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A precedence effect resolves phantom sound source illusions in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea.

Norman Lee1, Damian O Elias, Andrew C Mason

  • 1Integrative Behaviour and Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON, Canada. norman.lee@utoronto.ca

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea uses a precedence effect to overcome phantom sound sources. This mechanism allows them to selectively localize the leading sound source within a 10-ms window, improving directional hearing.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioacoustics
  • Animal Behavior
  • Sensory Neuroscience

Background:

  • Reverberant environments create challenges for sound source localization due to simultaneous direct and reflected sound paths.
  • The parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea possesses highly sensitive directional hearing crucial for locating host crickets amidst complex acoustic conditions.
  • Acoustic clutter and multiple sound sources can mask temporal cues, complicating source recognition and localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Ormia ochracea overcomes phantom sound source illusions in reverberant conditions.
  • To determine if Ormia ochracea utilizes temporal differences in sound onset to achieve accurate sound localization.
  • To explore the role of the precedence effect in the fly's auditory processing.

Main Methods:

  • Field experiments using a test arena to present acoustic asymmetries between two simultaneous sound sources.
  • Laboratory experiments to reliably elicit misdirected phonotaxis using symmetric acoustic stimulation.
  • Varying the onset delay between two competing sound sources to assess localization selectivity.

Main Results:

  • Ormia ochracea typically localizes a single source but can be misled by 'phantom' sources resulting from summed acoustic effects.
  • Flies demonstrate selective localization based on both the relative timing and location of competing sound sources.
  • Within a 10-ms temporal window, flies preferentially localize the leading sound source, with the lagging source having minimal influence.

Conclusions:

  • The precedence effect is a key mechanism enabling Ormia ochracea to overcome phantom sound source illusions.
  • Hyperacute directional hearing in O. ochracea exploits small time differences to determine source location.
  • This auditory mechanism is vital for accurate host localization in complex natural soundscapes.