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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

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Related Experiment Videos

Implementing treatment guidelines for type 2 diabetes in primary care.

Stephen Brunton1

  • 1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. ozdoc@aol.com

Postgraduate Medicine
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Primary care physicians face challenges managing type 2 diabetes. This review clarifies differing guidelines and offers practical strategies for patient-centered, treat-to-target glycemic control to reduce disease complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Primary Care Medicine
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes is a growing global health concern.
  • Primary care physicians are central to managing this chronic disease.
  • Current guidelines from major endocrinology associations aim to improve glycemic control and reduce complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and compare key guidelines for type 2 diabetes management.
  • To provide practical implementation strategies for primary care.
  • To offer guidance on treatment options and overcoming therapeutic obstacles.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative review of American Diabetes Association and American College of Endocrinology/American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists guidelines.
  • Synthesis of practical advice for clinical application.
  • Inclusion of a troubleshooting section for common challenges.

Main Results:

  • Guidelines differ in focus and depth, requiring clear interpretation for primary care.
  • Practical strategies are outlined for implementing a treat-to-target approach.
  • Obstacles to optimal therapy and their solutions are addressed.

Conclusions:

  • Effective primary care management of type 2 diabetes requires understanding and implementing current guidelines.
  • A patient-centered, treat-to-target approach is recommended for stringent glycemic control.
  • This review facilitates better clinical practice and improved patient outcomes.